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## Calculation of Inverses Modulo a Number (Python)

Known time/storage complexity and/or correctness

Let $$a,b\in\mathbb{Z}$$ be positive integers $a,b\in\mathbb Z$ with $$a\le b$$ which are co-prime. The algorithm $$\operatorname{invmod}(a,b)$$ calculates correctly the multiplicative inverse $a^{-1}$ in the ring of congruences $\mathbb Z_b,$ i.e. for which $$a\cdot a^{-1}\equiv 1\mod b.$$ In particular, if $b=p$ is a prime number, this is the unique inverse of $a$ modulo $b$ in the field of congruences $\mathbb Z_p.$

The algorithm requires $$\mathcal O(\log |b|)$$ (worst case and average case) division operations, which corresponds to $$\mathcal O(\log^2 |b|)$$ bit operations.

Short Name

$\operatorname{invmod}$

Input Parameters

$a,b\in\mathbb{Z}$, $0 < a \le b$, $a\perp b$

Output Parameters

$a^{-1}$ with $a\cdot a^{-1}\equiv 1\mod b.$

Python Code

def invmod(a, b):
res = gcdext(a, b)
if res[0] != 1:
raise NotCoPrimeException(a, b)
else:
if res[1] < 0:
res[1] = res[1] + (abs(res[1]) // b + 1) * b
return res[1]

# Usage
print(invmod(16, 21))

# will output
# 4, since 16*4=1 mod 21

| | | | created: 2019-06-22 05:21:55 | modified: 2019-06-22 07:42:54 | by: bookofproofs | references: [1357], [8187]

(none)