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The last axiom of the Zermelo-Frankel axioms is an axiom developed by Zermelo. The axiom ensures the possibility of selecting elements from sets and forming a completely new set out of these elements. This axiom is needed to ensure the existence of a quotient set of a given equivalence class – a very important concept in mathematics.

The assumption that we can always choose elements from sets is an idealization, and it had been controversially discussed whether the axiom is really independent of the other Zermelo-Fraenkel (ZF) axioms or can be somehow derived from them. In 1938, Kurt Gödel (1906 – 1978) proved that this assumption is consistent with the remaining ZF axioms. A quarter of a century later, Paul Cohen (1934 – 2007) proved that also its negation is consistent with the remaining ZF axioms. In other words, the axiom of choice is undecidable among the other ZF axioms and it is natural to add it to the system ZF. This extended system of axioms is usually abbreviated by ZFC.

## Axiom: Axiom of Choice

For every set $X$ of disjoint and non-empty sets there is a set $Y$ containing exactly one element from each of these sets. Formally,

$$\begin{array}{rll} \forall x(\\ &\forall uw(\\ &&(u\in x\wedge w\in x \Rightarrow u\neq \emptyset\wedge (u=w\vee u\cap w=\emptyset))\\ &&\Rightarrow\\ &&(\exists y(\forall v(v\in x\Rightarrow \exists z(y\cap v=\{z\}))))\\ &)\\ ).& \end{array}$$

| | | | | created: 2019-01-18 21:13:11 | modified: 2020-11-22 13:00:12 | by: bookofproofs | references: [656], [983]

### Bibliography (further reading)

[983] Ebbinghaus, H.-D.: “Einführung in die Mengenlehre”, BI Wisschenschaftsverlag, 1994, 3

[656] Hoffmann, Dirk W.: “Grenzen der Mathematik – Eine Reise durch die Kerngebiete der mathematischen Logik”, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, 2011